msegovia

Artificial Pancreas - Type 1 Diabetes

2010-02-19T06:22:00.000-08:00

Type 1 diabetes results from the body's failure to produce insulin, the hormone that "unlocks" the cells of the body, allowing glucose to enter and fuel them. It is an autoimmune disease in which the body views the beta cells (insulin producing cells found in the islets of the pancreas) as a foreign substance, so the patient's immune system attacks the islets and kills them.

Scientists in Cambridge have made a significant step towards developing a so-called “artificial pancreas” system for managing type 1 diabetes in children.

The team has developed and successfully tested a new algorithm, providing a stepping stone to home testing for the artificial pancreas. The new study published on Friday in The Lancet shows that using an artificial pancreas system overnight can significantly reduce the risk of hypoglycemia, when blood glucose levels drop dangerously low, while sleeping.

These so-called “hypos” are a major concern for children and adults with type 1 diabetes. An artificial pancreas system combines a continuous glucose monitor and an insulin pump, both already on the market, and uses a sophisticated algorithm to calculate the appropriate amount of insulin to deliver based on the real-time glucose readings.

As well as obviating the need for multiple daily finger prick tests and insulin injections, the artificial pancreas should offer better control of blood glucose levels overnight. In the new study, 17 children and teenagers aged between five and 18 with type 1 diabetes were studied during 54 nights at Addenbrooke’s Hospital in Cambridge.

For more inforamtion: http://beta.thehindu.com/health/article101631.ece

Pancreas Transplantation

2009-07-23T16:48:00.000-07:00

The pancreas is an organ that makes insulin and enzymes that help the body digest and use food. A pancreas transplant is surgery to place a healthy pancreas from a donor into a person with a diseased pancreas. A common reason for this type of damage is diabetes. Pancreas transplants can enable people with type 1 diabetes to give up insulin shots. An experimental procedure called islet cell transplantation transplants only the parts of the pancreas that make insulin.

People who have transplants must take drugs to keep their body from rejecting the new pancreas for the rest of their lives. They must also have regular follow-up care.

Islet cell transplantation places cells from an organ donor into the pancreas of another person. It is used experimentally to treat type 1 diabetes. Islets are cells found in clusters throughout the pancreas. They are made up of several types of cells. The islets contain beta cells, which make insulin. Insulin is a hormone that helps the body use glucose for energy.

In type 1 diabetes, the beta cells of the pancreas no longer make insulin. A person who has type 1 diabetes must take insulin daily to live. Transplanted islet cells, however, can take over the work of the destroyed cells. Once implanted, the beta cells in these islets begin to make and release insulin. Researchers hope islet transplantation will help people with type 1 diabetes live without daily insulin injections.

Guillain-Barre Syndrome

2009-07-09T08:46:00.000-07:00

Syndrome (GBS) is a exceptional medical condition that affects the nerves outer surface the brain and spinal cord. Even though it can be frightening because it often causes people to have some type of paralysis, Guillain-Barre (pronounced: ghee-yan bah-ray) syndrome is very rare: It just affects 1 or 2 people in every 100,000. Most of the people who do get Guillain-Barré syndrome improve and are able to return to their normal lives and activities.

Symptoms

An initial episode of a headache, vomiting, fever and back and limb pain is followed by paralysis, which starts as tingling and numbness followed by increasing weakness. The paralysis is often progressive and ascending (starting with the feet and moving upwards), but the condition may come on suddenly and affect all four limbs at once. The degree of paralysis varies.

There may also be a loss of sensation, sometimes with pain. In about one in four cases the paralysis spreads to the respiratory nerves controlling breathing and the person needs to be put on a ventilator.

Some patients have a similar but longer-lasting illness called chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP), once known as chronic Guillain-Barre but now usually regarded as a related condition.

Who's affected?

Guillain-Barre affects about 1,500 people every year in the UK, and about 150 develop CIDP. The exact mechanisms that cause the conditions aren't clear, but about 60 per cent of those affected will have had a throat or intestinal infection, flu or major stress within the previous two weeks. This triggers the immune system, which then attacks the nerves.

It rarely occurs in first-degree relatives, but familial cases have been reported and genetic similarities noted. For example, a study of Japanese people with Guillain-Barre following an intestinal infection with the bacteria Campylobacter jejuni found they were more likely to have a rare version of the gene for an immune system chemical known as tumour necrosis factor.

Anaemia

2009-06-30T12:51:00.000-07:00

Anaemia is a deficiency in the number or quality of red blood cells. The red blood cells carry oxygen around the body, using a particular protein called haemoglobin. Anaemia means that either the level of red blood cells or the level of haemoglobin is lower than normal.

When a person is anaemic, their heart has to work harder to pump the quantity of blood needed to get adequate oxygen around their body. During heavy exercise, the cells may not be able to carry enough oxygen to meet the body’s needs and the person can become exhausted.

Anaemia isn’t a disease in itself, but a result of a malfunction somewhere in the body. This blood condition is common, particularly in females. Some estimates suggest that around one in five menstruating women and half of all pregnant women are anaemic.

Symptoms
Depending on the severity, the symptoms of anaemia may include:

Pale skin
Fatigue
Weakness
Tiring easily
Breathlessness
Drop in blood pressure when standing from a sitting or lying position (orthostatic hypotension) – this may happen after acute blood loss, like a heavy period
Frequent headaches
Racing heart or palpitations
Becoming irritated easily
Concentration difficulties
Cracked or reddened tongue
Loss of appetite
Strange food cravings.

Groups at high risk
Certain people are at increased risk of anaemia, including:

Menstruating women
Pregnant and breastfeeding women
Babies, especially if premature
Children going through puberty
Vegetarians
People with cancer, stomach ulcers and some chronic diseases
People on fad diets
Athletes.

Treatment
Treatment depends on the cause and severity, but may include:

Vitamin and mineral supplements – in the case of deficiency.
Iron injections – if the person is very low on iron.
Vitamin B12 (by injection) – required for pernicious anaemia.
Antibiotics – if infection is the cause.
Altering the dose or regimen of regular medications – such as anti-inflammatory drugs, if necessary.
Blood transfusions – if required.
Oxygen therapy – if required.
Surgery to prevent abnormal bleeding – such as heavy menstruation.
Surgery to remove the spleen (splenectomy) – in cases of severe haemolytic anaemia.

Asthma

2009-06-19T14:07:00.000-07:00

Asthma (say: az-muh) is a condition that affects a person's airways, which are also called breathing tubes or bronchial (say: brong-kee-ul) tubes. These tubes lead from the windpipe, or trachea (say: tray-kee-uh), into the lungs. For most kids, breathing is simple: They breathe in through their noses or mouths and the air goes into the windpipe. From there, it travels through the airways and into the lungs. But for kids with asthma, breathing can be a lot more difficult because their airways are very sensitive.

Who Gets Asthma?

Asthma is more common than you might think. As many as 6 million kids in the United States have it. Asthma affects about 1 or 2 kids out of 10. That means if you have 20 kids in your class, 2-4 of them might have asthma. Asthma can start at any age — even in a little baby or an adult — but it's most common in school-age kids.

No one really knows why one person's airways are more sensitive than another person's, but we do know that asthma runs in families. That means if a kid has asthma, he or she may also have a parent, sibling, uncle, or other relative who has asthma or had it as a child.

Asthma flare-ups may sound a little like a cold, with coughing and wheezing, but asthma isn't contagious. You can't catch it from someone like you can catch a cold.

What Causes an Asthma Flare-Up?

Different kids have different triggers — things that set off asthma flare-ups. There are a lot of triggers. Some kids are sensitive to allergens (say: ah-lur-jenz), substances that cause allergic reactions in the airways. Common allergens for kids with asthma include dust mites (tiny bugs that live in dust), mold (if you've ever been in a damp basement and smelled something funny, it was probably mold), and pollen (from trees, grass, and weeds).

A lot of kids have asthma flare-ups when they are near furry animals. Cats and dogs both have what's called animal dander in their fur. This is sort of like dandruff, and it's a trigger that can cause a powerful reaction in the airways.

Some substances can trigger flare-ups because they really irritate the airways. These include perfume, chalk dust, and cigarette smoke. Smoking is always a bad idea, especially around someone who has asthma.

Sometimes an infection can be a trigger and set off an asthma flare-up. If a kid comes down with a cold or the flu, his or her airways may become more sensitive than usual. In some kids, cold air itself can cause an asthma flare-up, and so can exercise. In fact, some kids have what's called exercise-induced asthma. This means they have breathing problems only when they exercise.

How Is Asthma Treated?

Kids who have asthma should try to avoid things that can cause their airways to tighten. But some triggers — like cats, colds, and chalk dust — can't always be avoided. That's why kids who are sensitive to those things must manage their asthma by taking medication.

Not every kid's asthma is the same, so there are different medicines for treating it. It's not like curing a sore throat or an earache, when everybody gets the same medicine. Instead, the doctor will think about what causes the asthma flare-ups, how fast the flare-ups happen, and how serious they are. Then he or she will decide on the best kind of treatment.

Some kids need to take asthma medication only once in a while, when they have a flare-up. This is called rescue medicine because it works fast to open the airways, so the person can breathe. Other kids may need to take controller medicine every day. Controller medicine works to keep flare-ups from happening.

A kid who knows in advance that he or she will be around allergens or other triggers may need to take medication ahead of time that will keep the airways open. And kids who have exercise-induced asthma can take medication before exercising so they'll be able to finish all their laps around the track. Whatever their triggers are, kids who have asthma can use a peak flow meter to get an idea of how well they are breathing that day and whether they need to take any medicine.

Asthma medicine often is taken through an inhaler (say: in-hay-lur). An inhaler is a plastic tube that holds a container of medicine. You may have seen a friend or someone in school using an inhaler, which is held up to the mouth. A kid holds the inhaler up to his or her mouth and breathes in. The medicine comes out in a mist that goes into the lungs. The medicine in the mist relaxes the airways, so the person can breathe easier.

The Outer Ear of Catch Wave

2009-05-25T10:07:00.000-07:00

It might be the sound you heard was as quiet as your cat licking her paws. Or maybe it was loud, like a siren going by. Sounds are everywhere, and you have two cool parts on your body that let you hear them all: your ears!

The Ear figure your ears are in charge of collecting sounds, processing them, and sending sound signals to your brain. And that's not all — your ears also help you keep your balance. So if you bend over to pick up your cat, you won't fall down — or even worse — fall on your cat. Meow!

The ear is made up of three different sections: the outer ear, the middle ear, and the inner ear. These parts all work together so you can hear and process sounds.
The Outer Ear: Catch the Wave.

The outer ear is called the penne or auricle. This is the part of the ear that people can see. It's what people pierce to wear earrings and what your friend whispers into when it's time for a secret. The main job of the outer ear is to collect sounds, whether they're your friend's whispers or a barking dog.

The outer ear also includes the ear canal, where wax is produced. Earwax is that stuff that protects the canal. Earwax contains chemicals that fight off infections that could hurt the skin inside the ear canal. It also collects dirt to help keep the ear canal clean. So earwax isn't just gross. It's gross and useful.

Growth Disorder

2009-05-05T17:41:00.000-07:00

Genetic Disorder

Bao Xishun

Unequal limbs

Everyone grows and matures differently. You may be taller than your best friend in fourth grade. But then in sixth grade, your best friend may be an inch taller than you. Usually, this is totally normal.

A growth disorder, however, means that a kid has abnormal growth — for example, growing a lot slower or a lot faster than other kids the same age.

Electron Plasma Frequency

2009-05-04T00:18:00.000-07:00

In physics and chemistry, plasma is a partially ionized gas, in which a certain proportion of electrons are free rather than being bound to an atom or molecule. The ability of the positive and negative charges to move somewhat independently makes the plasma electrically conductive so that it responds strongly to electromagnetic fields. Plasma therefore has properties quite unlike those of solids, liquids or gases and is considered to be a distinct state of matter. Plasma typically takes the form of neutral gas-like clouds, as seen, for example, in the case of stars. Like gas, plasma does not have a definite shape or a definite volume unless enclosed in a container, but unlike gas, in the influence of a magnetic field, it may form structures such as filaments, beams and double layers (see section 3, below). Plasma was first identified in a Crookes tube, and so described by Sir William Crookes in 1879 (he called it "radiant matter").

The nature of the Crookes tube "cathode ray" matter was subsequently identified by British physicist Sir J.J. Thomson in 1897, and dubbed "plasma" by Irving Langmuir in 1928, reminded him of a blood plasma. wrote: Except near the electrodes, where there are sheaths containing very few electrons, the ionized gas contains ions and electrons in about equal numbers so that the resultant space charge is very small. We shall use the name plasma to describe this region containing balanced charges of ions and electrons Definition of a plasma Although a plasma is loosely described as an electrically neutral medium of positive and negative particles, a

definition can have three criteria:

1. The plasma approximation: Charged particles must be close enough together that each particle influences many nearby charged particles, rather than just interacting with the closest particle (these collective effects are a distinguishing feature of a plasma).
The plasma approximation is valid when the number of charge carriers within the sphere of influence (called the Debye sphere whose radius is the Debye screening length) of a particular particle are higher than unity to provide collective behaviour of the charged particles. The average number of particles in the Debye sphere is given by the plasma parameter, "Λ" (the Greek letter Lambda).

2. Bulk interactions: The Debye screening length (defined above) is short compared to the physical size of the plasma. This criterion means that interactions in the bulk of the plasma are more important than those at its edges, where boundary effects may take place. When this criterion is satisfied, the plasma is quasineutral.

3. Plasma frequency: The electron plasma frequency (measuring plasma oscillations of the electrons) is large compared to the electron-neutral collision frequency (measuring frequency of collisions between electrons and neutral particles). When this condition is valid, electrostatic interactions dominate over the processes of ordinary gas kinetics.

Information of Bad Breath

2009-04-16T09:24:00.000-07:00

Autism-a brain development

2009-04-08T09:00:00.000-07:00

Autism is a brain development disorder characterized by impaired social interaction and communication, and by restricted and repetitive behavior. These signs all begin before a child is three years old.The autism spectrum disorders (ASD) also include related conditions such as Asperger syndrome that have milder signs and symptoms.

Autism affects many parts of the brain; how this occurs is not understood. Parents usually notice signs in the first two years of their child's life. Although early behavioral or cognitive intervention can help children gain self-care, social, and communication skills, there is no known cure.Few children with autism live independently after reaching adulthood, but some become successful,and an autistic culture has developed, with some seeking a cure and others believing that autism is a condition rather than a disorder.

Cholesterol -a fatty substance

2009-04-01T10:32:00.000-07:00

Cholesterol is a fatty substance (a lipid) that is an important part of the outer lining (membrane) of cells in the body of animals. Cholesterol is also found in the blood circulation of humans. The cholesterol in a person's blood originates from two major sources; dietary intake and liver production. Dietary cholesterol comes mainly from meat, poultry, fish, and dairy products.

Organ meats, such as liver, are especially high in cholesterol content, while foods of plant origin contain no cholesterol. After a meal, cholesterol is absorbed by the intestines into the blood circulation and is then packaged inside a protein coat. This cholesterol-protein coat complex is called a chylomicron.

Understanding Heart Disease

2009-03-31T10:36:00.000-07:00

Yellow fever

2009-03-25T09:00:00.001-07:00

Yellow fever (also called yellow jack or sometimes black vomit or American Plague) is an acute viral disease.It is an important cause of hemorrhagic illness in many African and South American countries despite existence of an effective vaccine. The yellow refers to the jaundice symptoms that affect some patients.

Yellow fever has been a source of several devastating epidemics.Yellow fever epidemics broke out in the 1700s in Italy, France, Spain, and England.Three hundred thousand people are believed to have died from yellow fever in Spain during the 19th century.French soldiers were attacked by yellow fever during the 1802 Haitian Revolution; more than half of the army perished from the disease.Outbreaks followed by thousands of deaths occurred periodically in other Western Hemisphere locations until research, which included human volunteers (some of whom died), led to an understanding of the method of transmission to humans (primarily[citation needed] by mosquitos) and development of a vaccine and other preventive efforts in the early 20th century.

Chromosome diseases

2009-03-18T09:02:00.000-07:00

Chromosome diseases are genetic diseases where a large part of the genetic code has been disrupted. Chromosomes are long sequences of DNA that contain hundreds or thousands of genes. Every person has 2 copies of each of the 23 chromosomes, called chromosomes 1..22 (or "autosomes") and the 23rd is the sex chromosome, which is either X and Y. Men are XY and women are XX in the 23rd chromosome pair.

The most common type of chromosomal condition is a trisomy condition involving a triplet of chromosomes. Trisomy conditions are chromosome conditions where the disease results from an extra chromosome. Normal humans have two copies of the non-sex chromosomes 1..22, and disease arises if a fetus wrongly gets a third copy of any of these chromosomes.

The Outer Ear: Catch the Wave

2009-03-11T10:43:00.000-07:00

The outer ear is called the pinna or auricle (say: or-ih-kul). This is the part of the ear that people can see. It's what people pierce to wear earrings and what your friend whispers into when it's time for a secret. The main job of the outer ear is to collect sounds, whether they're your friend's whispers or a barking dog.

The outer ear also includes the ear canal, where wax is produced. Earwax is that gunky stuff that protects the canal. Earwax contains chemicals that fight off infections that could hurt the skin inside the ear canal. It also collects dirt to help keep the ear canal clean. So earwax isn't just gross. It's gross and useful.

Ears-the pinna or auricle

2009-03-11T08:56:00.000-07:00

The Ear is called the pinna or auricle. This is the part of the ear that people can see. It's what people pierce to wear earrings and what your friend whispers into when it's time for a secret. The main job of the outer ear is to collect sounds, whether they're your friend's whispers or a barking dog.

The outer ear also includes the ear canal, where wax is produced. Earwax is that gunky stuff that protects the canal. Earwax contains chemicals that fight off infections that could hurt the skin inside the ear canal. It also collects dirt to help keep the ear canal clean. So earwax isn't just gross. It's gross and useful.

After sound waves enter the outer ear, they travel through the ear canal and make their way to the middle ear. The middle ear's main job is to take those sound waves and turn them into vibrations that are delivered to the inner ear. To do this, it needs the eardrum, which is a thin piece of skin stretched tight like a drum.

They include:

* the malleus (say: mah-lee-us), which is attached to the eardrum and means "hammer" in Latin
* the incus (say: in-kus), which is attached to the malleus and means "anvil" in Latin
* the stapes (say: stay-peez), the smallest bone in the body, which is attached to the incus and means "stirrup" in Latin

When sound waves reach the eardrum, they cause the eardrum to vibrate. When the eardrum vibrates, it moves the tiny ossicles — from the hammer to the anvil and then to the stirrup. These bones help sound move along on its journey into the inner ear.

Peripheral Nerve Disorders

2009-03-04T14:47:00.001-08:00

Your peripheral nerves are the ones outside your brain and spinal cord. Like static on a telephone line, peripheral nerve disorders distort or interrupt the messages between the brain and the rest of the body.

There are more than 100 kinds of peripheral nerve disorders. They can affect one nerve or many nerves. Some are the result of other diseases, like diabetic nerve problems. Others, like Guillain-Barre syndrome, happen after a virus infection. Still others are from nerve compression, like carpal tunnel syndrome or thoracic outlet syndrome. In some cases, like complex regional pain syndrome, the problem begins after an injury. Some people are born with peripheral nerve disorders.

Symptoms often start gradually, and then get worse. They include

* Numbness
* Pain
* Burning or tingling
* Muscle weakness
* Sensitivity to touch

Heart

2009-02-24T11:21:00.000-08:00

Your heart is a muscular organ that acts like a pump to send blood throughout your body all the time.

Your heart is at the center of your circulatory system, which delivers blood to all areas of your body. An electrical system regulates the heart and uses electrical signals to contract the heart walls. When the walls contract, blood is pumped into your circulatory system.

Your blood carries the oxygen and nutrients that your organs need to function normally. Blood also carries carbon dioxide, a waste product, to your lungs to be passed out of your body and into the air. A healthy heart supplies the areas of your body with the right amount of blood at the right rate needed to function normally. If disease or injury weakens your heart, your body organs wont receive enough blood to function normally.

Noise

2009-02-18T11:28:00.000-08:00

Noise is all around you, from televisions and radios to lawn mowers and washing machines. Harmful sounds - sounds that are too loud or loud sounds over a long time - can damage sensitive structures of the inner ear and cause noise-induced hearing loss.

More than 30 million people in the U.S. are exposed to hazardous sound levels on a regular basis. Hazardous sound levels are louder than 80 decibels, which isn't as loud as traffic on a busy street. Listening to loud music, especially on headphones, is a common cause of noise-induced hearing loss. Keeping the volume down when listening to music and wearing earplugs when using loud equipment can help protect your hearing.

There are two main types of hearing loss. One happens when your inner ear or auditory nerve is damaged. This type is permanent. The other kind happens when sound waves cannot reach your inner ear. Earwax build-up, fluid or a punctured eardrum can cause it. Untreated, hearing problems can get worse. If you have trouble hearing, you can get help. Possible treatments include hearing aids, special training, certain medicines and surgery.

Genetic Brain Disorders

2009-02-11T12:08:00.001-08:00

A genetic disorder is a disease caused by a different form of a gene, called a variation, or a change in a gene, called a mutation. Genetic brain disorders specifically affect the development and function of the brain.

Some genetic brain disorders are due to random gene mutations or mutations caused by environmental exposure, such as cigarette smoke. Other disorders are inherited, which means that a mutated gene or group of genes is passed down through a family. Still other disorders are due to a combination of genetic changes and other outside factors. Some examples of genetic brain disorders include leukodystrophies, phenylketonuria, Tay-Sachs disease, and Wilson disease.

Many people with genetic brain disorders fail to produce enough of certain proteins that influence brain development and function. These brain disorders can cause serious problems that affect the nervous system. Some are life-threatening.

Vitamins

2009-02-04T11:51:00.001-08:00

Vitamins are substances that your body needs to grow and develop normally. There are 13 vitamins your body needs. They are vitamins A, C, D, E, K and the B vitamins (thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, biotin, vitamin B-6, vitamin B-12 and folate). You can usually get all your vitamins from the foods you eat. Your body can also make vitamins D and K. People who eat a vegetarian diet may need to take a vitamin B12 supplement.

Each vitamin has specific jobs. If you have low levels of certain vitamins, you may develop a deficiency disease. For example, if you don't get enough vitamin D, you could develop rickets. Some vitamins may help prevent medical problems. Vitamin A prevents night blindness.

The best way to get enough vitamins is to eat a balanced diet with a variety of foods. In some cases, you may need to take a daily multivitamin for optimal health. However, high doses of some vitamins can make you sick.

Winter Weather Emergencies

2009-01-28T13:39:00.000-08:00

Severe winter weather can lead to health and safety challenges. You may have to cope with

* Cold related health problems, including frostbite and hypothermia
* Household fires and carbon monoxide poisoning from space heaters and fireplaces
* Unsafe driving conditions from icy roads
* Power failures
* Floods after snow and ice melt

Although there are no guarantees of safety during winter weather emergencies, you can take actions to protect yourself. You should have a disaster plan. Being prepared can help reduce fear, anxiety and losses.

Newborn Screening

2009-01-14T12:11:00.000-08:00

Newborn screening tests take place before your newborn leaves the hospital. Babies are tested to identify serious or life-threatening conditions before symptoms begin. Such diseases are usually rare. However, they can affect a baby's normal physical and mental development.

Most tests use a few drops of blood from pricking the baby's heel. A hearing test involves placing a tiny earphone in the baby's ear and measuring his or her response to sound.

If a screening test suggests a problem, your baby's doctor will follow up with further testing. If those tests confirm a problem, the doctor may refer you to a specialist for treatment. Following your doctor's treatment plan can save your baby from lifelong health and developmental problems.

Neurofibromatosis

2009-01-07T12:10:00.000-08:00

Neurofibromatosis is a genetic disorder of the nervous system. It mainly affects how nerve cells form and grow. It causes tumors to grow on nerves. You can get neurofibromatosis from your parents, or it can happen because of a mutation (change) in your genes. Once you have it, you can pass it along to your children.

There are three types of neurofibromatosis:

* Type 1 (NF1) causes skin changes and deformed bones and usually starts at birth.
* Type 2 (NF2) causes hearing loss, ringing in the ears and poor balance. It often starts in the teen years.
* Schwannomatosis causes intense pain. It is the rarest type.

There is no cure. Treatment is aimed at controlling symptoms. Depending on the type of disease and how bad it is, treatment may include surgery to remove tumors, radiation therapy and medicines.

Neuroblastoma

2008-12-31T12:09:00.000-08:00

Neuroblastoma is a cancer that forms in your nerve tissue. It usually begins in the adrenal glands, which sit atop your kidneys. It may also begin in your neck, chest or spinal cord. The cancer often begins in early childhood. Sometimes it begins before a child is born. By the time doctors find the cancer, it has usually spread to other parts of the body. The most common symptoms are

* A lump in the abdomen, neck or chest
* Bulging eyes
* Dark circles around the eyes
* Bone pain
* Swollen stomach and trouble breathing in babies
* Painless, bluish lumps under the skin in babies
* Inability to move a body part

Treatments include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy or a combination. Sometimes before giving treatment, doctors wait to see whether symptoms get worse. This is called watchful waiting.

Neural Tube Defects

2008-12-24T12:08:00.000-08:00

Neural tube defects are birth defects of the brain and spinal cord. The two most common neural tube defects are spina bifida and anencephaly. In spina bifida, the fetal spinal column doesn't close completely during the first month of pregnancy. There is usually nerve damage that causes at least some paralysis of the legs. In anencephaly, much of the brain does not develop. Babies with anencephaly are either stillborn or die shortly after birth.

Getting enough folic acid, a type of B vitamin, before and during pregnancy prevents most neural tube defects. Treatments for neural tube defects vary depending on the type of defect.

Neurological Diseases

2008-12-17T12:01:00.000-08:00

Neurological diseases are disorders of the brain, spinal cord and nerves throughout your body. Together they control all the workings of the body. When something goes wrong with a part of your nervous system, you can have trouble moving, speaking, swallowing, breathing or learning. You can also have problems with your memory, senses or mood.

There are more than 600 neurological diseases. Major types include

* Diseases caused by faulty genes, such as Huntington's disease and muscular dystrophy
* Problems with the way the nervous system develops, such as spina bifida
* Degenerative diseases, where nerve cells are damaged or die, such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease
* Diseases of the blood vessels that supply the brain, such as stroke
* Injuries to the spinal cord and brain
* Seizure disorders, such as epilepsy
* Cancer, such as brain tumors
* Infections, such as meningitis

Nose Disorders

2008-12-10T15:31:00.000-08:00

Whether it's large or small, button-like or beak-like, your nose is important to your health. It filters the air you breathe, removing dust, germs and irritants. It warms and moistens the air to keep your lungs and tubes that lead to them from drying out. Your nose also contains the nerve cells that help your sense of smell. When there is a problem with your nose, your whole body can suffer. For example, the stuffy nose of the common cold can make it hard for you to breathe, sleep or get comfortable.

Many problems besides the common cold can affect the nose. They include

* Deviated septum - a shifting of the wall that divides the nasal cavity into halves.
* Nasal polyps - soft growths that develop on the lining of your nose or sinuses.
* Nosebleeds.
* Rhinitis - inflammation of the nose and sinuses sometimes caused by allergies. The main symptom is a runny nose.

Kidney Stones

2008-11-19T15:17:00.000-08:00

A kidney stone is a solid piece of material that forms in the kidney from substances in the urine. It may be as small as a grain of sand or as large as a pearl. Most kidney stones pass out of the body without help from a doctor. But sometimes a stone will not go away. It may get stuck in the urinary tract, block the flow of urine and cause great pain.

The following may be signs of kidney stones that need a doctor's help:

* Extreme pain in your back or side that will not go away
* Blood in your urine
* Fever and chills
* Vomiting
* Urine that smells bad or looks cloudy
* A burning feeling when you urinate

Kidney Diseases

2008-11-12T13:51:00.000-08:00

Your kidneys are two bean-shaped organs, each about the size of your fists. They are located near the middle of your back, just below the rib cage. Inside each kidney about a million tiny structures called nephrons filter blood. They remove waste products and extra water, which become urine. The urine flows through tubes called ureters to your bladder, which stores the urine until you go to the bathroom.

Damage to the nephrons results in kidney disease. This damage may leave kidneys unable to remove wastes. Usually the damage occurs slowly over years. There are no obvious symptoms, so you don't know it is happening.

Many things can cause kidney disease. You are at risk if you have

* Diabetes
* High blood pressure
* A close family member with kidney disease

Your doctor can run tests to find out if you have kidney disease. If your kidneys fail completely, a kidney transplant or dialysis can replace the work your kidneys normally do.

Msegovia

2008-11-04T14:32:00.000-08:00

Segovia is a city in Spain, the capital of the region of Segovia in Castile-Leon. It is located about an hour north of Madrid, at 40°57′N 4°10′W. 54,945 people live in the metropolis of Segovia.

Initially a town of the Arevaci, it was included in the Roman province of Hispania Tarraconensis, on the road from Emerita to Caesaraugusta . It minted coins in ancient times, which were later described and directory by Enrique Florez.
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The aged city is spectacularly situated atop a long, narrow headland. It contains a wealth of monuments, including the house of worship, a famous ancient Roman aqueduct, the Alcázar, and a variety of churches built in the Romanesque style including San Esteban, San Martin, and San Millan. The aged city is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Nasal Cancer

2008-10-15T00:51:00.000-07:00

Your paranasal sinuses are small hollow spaces about the nose. They are lined with cells that create mucus, which keep your nose from drying out. The nasal hollow is the passageway just after your nose through which air pass on the way to your gullet as you breathe.

Cancer of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses is unusual. Men are more possible than women to get it, and most patients are big than 45. There may be no symptoms at first, and afterward symptom can be like those of infection. This income the cancer may not be found until it is superior, making it harder to treat. Treatment option include surgery, emission and chemotherapy.

Drug Abuse

2008-09-24T02:34:00.000-07:00

Drug abuse is a serious public health difficulty that affects almost every society and family in some way. Each year drug abuse outcome in around 40 million serious illness or injuries amongst people in the United States. Abused drugs comprise

* Amphetamines

* Anabolic steroids

* Club drugs

* Cocaine

* Heroin

* Inhalants

* Marijuana

* Prescription drugs

Drug abuse also theater a role in many major social harms, such as drugged driving, violence, stress and child abuse. Drug abuse can lead to homelessness, crime and miss work or harms with custody a job. It harms unborn babies and destroys families. There are different types of action for drug abuse. But the best is to stop drug abuse in the first put.

Sleep Disorders

2008-09-17T00:55:00.000-07:00

Is it hard for you to fall sleeping or stay asleep though the night? Do you wake up emotion tired or feel very sleepy during the day, even if you have had sufficient sleep? You might have a sleep chaos. The most common kinds are

Insomnia - a hard time falling or stay asleep
Sleep apnea - inhalation interruption during sleep
Restless legs syndrome - a tingling or prickly feeling in the legs
Narcolepsy - daytime "sleep attacks"

Nightmares, night terrors, sleepwalking, sleep talking, head bang, wetting the bed and grind your teeth are kinds of sleep harms called parasomnias. There are treatments for most sleep disorder. Sometimes just having regular sleep behavior can help.

Personality Disorders

2008-09-10T06:01:00.000-07:00

Personality disorders are long-term patterns of opinion and behaviors that cause serious harms with relationships and work. People with character disorders have difficulty dealing with everyday stresses and evils. They often have stormy relations with other people. The exact cause of character disorders is unknown. However, genes and childhood experience may play a role.

Symptoms vary widely depending on the exact type of personality disorder. Treatment usually include talk therapy and sometimes medicine.

Nail Diseases

2008-08-26T22:01:00.000-07:00

Your toenails and fingernails defend the tissues of your toes and finger. They are total up of layers of a toughened protein called keratin, which is also in your hair and skin. Your nails' fitness can be a clue to your overall health. Healthy nails are typically smooth and reliable in color. Specific types of nail staining and changes in growth rate can signal a variety of lung, heart, kidney and liver disease, as well as diabetes and anemia. White spots and upright ridges are harmless.

Nail problems that sometimes require action include bacterial and fungal infection, ingrown nails, tumors and warts. Keeping nails fresh, dry and trim can help you avoid some harm. Do not remove the cuticle, which can cause disease.

Modest Weight Loss Can Mean Big Benefits

2008-08-19T22:23:00.000-07:00

The good news is that no subject, what your weight loss goal is, even a modest weight loss, such as 5 to 10 percent of your whole body weight, is likely to create health benefits, such as improvement in blood pressure, blood cholesterol, and blood sugars.

For example, if you weigh 200 pounds, a 5 percent weight loss generation 10 pounds, bringing your weight down to 190 pounds. While this weight may still be in the "overweight" or "obese" range, this modest weight loss can reduce your risk factor for chronic diseases related to obesity.

So even if the overall goal seems large, see it as a journey rather than just a final objective. You'll learn new eating and physical action habits that will help you live a better lifestyle. These habits may help you preserve your weight loss over time.

In addition to civilizing your health, maintaining a weight loss is likely to get better your life in other ways. For example, a study of participant in the “National Weight Control Registry” found that those who had maintain a significant weight loss reported improvement in not only their physical health, but also their energy levels, physical mobility, common mood, and self-confidence.

Losing Weight

2008-08-12T21:51:00.000-07:00

It's natural for anybody trying to lose weight to desire to lose it very rapidly. But proof shows that people who lose weight slowly and steadily are more unbeaten at keeping weight off. Healthy weight loss isn't just regarding a "diet" or "program". It's concerning an ongoing lifestyle that includes long-term change in daily eating and work out habits.

To lose heaviness, you must use up more calories than you take in. Since one strike equals 3,500 calories, you need to decrease your caloric intake by 500-1000 calories per day to lose regarding 1 to 2 pounds per week.1
Once you've achieve a healthy weight, by relying on healthy eating and physical action most days of the week, you are more probable to be winning at keeping the mass off over the long term.

Losing weight is not simple, and it takes dedication. But if you're ready to get in progress, we've got a step-by-step conduct to help get you on the road to mass loss and better health.

Festival

2008-08-06T02:55:00.000-07:00

A festival is an occasion, generally staged by a local community, which centers on some exclusive portion of that community.

Among several religions, a feast or festival is a place of celebrations in honour of God or gods. A feast and a festival are traditionally identical. However, the term "feast" has also entered regular worldly idiom as a synonym for every large or detailed meal. When used as in the significance of a festival, most frequently refers to a religious festival quite than a film or art festival.

There are several types of festivals in the world. Although a lot of have religious origins, others involve seasonal alteration or have some cultural impact. Also certain institutions celebrate their own festival to stain some important occasions in their history. These occasions might be the day these institutions were founded or any other event which they decide to celebrate occasionally, usually annually.

Festivals, of several types, provide to meet specific social needs and duties, as well as to provide entertainment. These times of celebration suggest a sense of belonging for religious, social, or geographical groups. Modern festivals that focus on cultural look for to notify members of their traditions. In past times, festivals were times when the aged shared stories and transferred certain information to the next generation. Historic feasts frequently provided a way for unity between families and for people to find mates. Choose anniversaries have annual festivals to commemorate previous significant occurrences.

Entertainment

2008-07-29T23:46:00.000-07:00

Entertainment is an occasion, piece, or movement designed to give enjoyment or leisure to an audience. The audience may join in the entertainment passively as in actively as in computer games. The playing of sports and reading of journalism are usually included in entertainment, but these are regularly called activity more specifically, because they involve some energetic participation past mere leisure.

While people have laughing themselves since the beginning of time, the entertainment industry first became a leading force in culture in the 20th century with the development of latest electronic technologies of recording and spreading. Western peoples, tired of serious purposes and gathering massacre, turned to popular culture following the two world wars. The financial basis of this new culture was advertising of free or inexpensive entertainment program. In their peak, television networks were great selling machines which, besides entertaining people, prohibited both commercial and political markets by providing direct access to the group of customers. This "territory" is now in danger by the explosion and segmentation of media and especially by the growing importance of communication by computer which allows the consumer to look for out the informational message as an alternative of having it broadcast to him or her. A new system of world history sees Americans in changeover between a fourth, entertainment-based "society" and a future fifth evolution based on computer communication.

Mars Cold Goes Down Deep

2008-05-27T23:07:00.001-07:00

New observations from NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter indicate that the crust and upper mantle of Mars are stiffer and colder than previously thought.The findings suggest any liquid water that might exist below the planet's surface and any possible organisms living in that water, would be located deeper than scientists had suspected."We found that the rocky surface of Mars is not bending under the load of the north polar ice cap," said Roger Phillips of the Southwest Research Institute in Boulder, Colo. Phillips is the lead author of a report published in the online version of Science.

"This implies that the planet's interior is more rigid, and thus colder, than we thought before."The discovery was made using the Shallow Radar (SHARAD) instrument on the Orbiter, which has provided the most detailed pictures to date of the interior layers of ice, sand and dust that make up the north polar cap on Mars. The radar images reveal long, continuous layers stretching up to 600 miles or about one-fifth the length of the United States.
This wide-angle view of the martian north polar cap was acquired on March 13, 1999, during early northern summer. The light-toned surfaces are residual water ice that remains through the summer season. The nearly circular band of dark material surrounding the cap consists mainly of sand dunes formed and shaped by wind. The north polar cap is roughly 1100 kilometers (680 miles) across. Credit: NASA/JPL/Malin Space Science Systems

"In our first glimpses inside the polar ice using the radar on Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, we can clearly see stacks of icy material that trace the history of Mars's climate," said Jeffrey Plaut from NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif. Plaut is a science team member and a co-author of the paper. "Radar has opened up a new avenue for studying Mars's past."The radar pictures show a smooth, flat border between the ice cap and the rocky Martian crust.

On Earth, the weight of a similar stack of ice would cause the planet's surface to sag. The fact that the martian surface is not bending means that its strong outer shell, or lithosphere, a combination of its crust and upper mantle, must be very thick and cold."The lithosphere of a planet is the rigid part. On Earth, the lithosphere is the part that breaks during an earthquake," said Suzanne Smrekar, deputy project scientist for Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter at JPL. "The ability of the radar to see through the ice cap and determine that there is no bending of the lithosphere gives us a good idea of present day temperatures inside Mars for the first time."Temperatures in the outer portion of a rocky planet like Mars increase with depth toward the interior. The thicker the lithosphere, the more gradually the temperatures increase. The discovery of a thicker martian lithosphere therefore implies that any liquid water lurking in aquifers below the surface would have to be deeper than previously calculated, where temperatures are warmer. Scientists speculate that any life on Mars associated with deep aquifers also would have to be buried deeper in the interior.

This map shows the thickness of the north polar layered deposits on Mars as measured by the Shallow Radar instrument on NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/University of Rome/SwRI

The radar pictures also reveal four zones of finely spaced layers of ice and dust separated by thick layers of nearly pure ice. Scientists think this pattern of thick ice-free layers represents cycles of climate change on Mars on a time scale of roughly one million years. Such climate changes are caused by variations in the tilt of the planet's rotational axis and in the eccentricity of its orbit around the sun. The observations support the idea that the north polar ice cap is geologically active and relatively young, at about 4 million years.

Mars Cold Goes Down Deep

2008-05-27T23:07:00.000-07:00

Mobile Phone Specifications and Features

2008-05-07T03:48:00.000-07:00

What would you call a mobile phone that has everything from communication, information and entertainment applications? There has been a substantial growth in the mobile Phone sector both in terms of e connectivity and technology. From basic phones to a mini computer, mobile phones cater to the varied needs of equally heterogeneous users. A 'must have' to complement our contemporary lifestyle, your phone helps you organize your personal and professional world with equal fervour.

From the first generation to the third generation - the journey of mobile phones industry is an ongoing process. The new generation mobile phones are getting highly advanced and multi-faceted. Latest handsets from mobile manufacturers such as Nokia, Sony Ericsson, Motorola, etc., are now power packed with PDA (Personal Digital Assistant) and operating systems that allow mobile users to install other applications specially designed for mobile phones.

With 3G technology, the mobile industry has taken a huge stride forward and mobile users are now experiencing the full potential of 3G wireless technology. With high speed data access and ease of connectivity, 3G mobile phones have given a new meaning to the word 'mobile'. The new Walkman series phones from Sony Ericsson to business phones from Samsung & Nokia, Smartphone’s with smart features are all set to change your mobile lifestyle.

Entertainment applications on mobile phones have further enhanced mobile capabilities. Mobile games, camera functions, media player and FM radio are some of the multimedia applications that have changed the way you were using your mobile phone. In addition to that mobile phones have also become the latest information centre. With WAP, GPRS and EDGE technologies, your world is at your fingertips. Connect and share data to other compatible devices via Bluetooth, Infrared & USB. Get one and see the difference.

Latest Mobile Version

2008-05-06T21:29:00.000-07:00

Mobile phones plays a major role in our daily modern life..Because they are the better,
cheaper and easier ways to communicate.

Technology and fashion have given a number of latest and advanced handsets to suit the needs of every segment of mobile users. Orange mobile phones rock the world of mobile phone with their stunning looks and advanced features and also with the quality.....
Every manufacturer trying the best to insert advanced technology in the mobile phones for the sake of users. Orange mobile phones really have done miracle in the market with their stunning features, as well as functions. Orange mobile phones come with 3G technology, which offers wireless voice telephony with broadband wireless data, in addition with, video calling capabilities.
SPV M 5000 is also another latest endeavour from Orange, it possesses the Microsoft windows, which enables you to work with word, excel and power point on your mobile phone.This is one of the advance version ..It also has a large memory and the latest Active Sync 4.0 weighing 285g..Orange Mobile Phones provide better communication services ,Rather than any other ordinary handset. They also have made communication impulsive and easily available part of day to day life.

Spyware

2008-04-30T04:55:00.000-07:00

Spyware is software installed on your computer without your consent to monitor or control your computer use. Clues that spyware is on a computer may include a barrage of pop-ups, a browser that takes you to sites you don't want, unexpected toolbars or icons on your computer screen, keys that don't work, random error messages, and sluggish performance when opening programs or saving files. In some cases, there may be no symptoms at all.

To lower your risk of spyware infections:

* Update your operating system and Web browser software, and set your browser security high enough to detect unauthorized downloads.
* Use anti-virus and anti-spyware software, as well as a firewall, and update them all regularly.
* Download free software only from sites you know and trust. Enticing free software downloads frequently bundle other software, including spyware.
* Don't click on links inside pop-ups.
* Don't click on links in spam or pop-ups that claim to offer anti-spyware software; you may unintentionally be installing spyware.

Diabetic Eye Problems

2008-04-23T16:36:00.000-07:00

Also called: Diabetic retinopathy

Do you know what causes the most blindness in U.S. adults? It is an eye problem caused by diabetes, called diabetic retinopathy. Your retina is the light-sensitive tissue at the back of your eye. You need a healthy retina to see clearly.

Diabetic retinopathy happens when diabetes damages the tiny blood vessels inside your retina. You may not notice at first. Symptoms can include

* Blurry or double vision
* Rings, flashing lights or blank spots
* Dark or floating spots
* Pain or pressure in one or both of your eyes
* Trouble seeing things out of the corners of your eyes

If you have diabetes, you should have a complete eye exam every year. Finding and treating problems early may save your vision. Treatment often includes laser treatment or surgery.

Location-based games

2008-03-24T19:32:00.000-07:00

Games played on a mobile piece of equipment using localization technology like GPS are called location-based games. In other words: while it does not matter for a normal mobile game where exactly you are (play them anywhere at anytime), the player's coordinate and movement are main elements in a Location-based game. The best-known example is the treasure hunt game Geocaching, which can be played on any mobile appliance with integrated or external GPS receiver. External GPS receivers are generally connected via Bluetooth. More and more mobile phones with integrated GPS are expected to come.

Besides Geocaching, there exist several other location-based games which are somewhat in the stage of research prototypes than a commercial success.

Mobile phone

2008-03-17T18:53:00.000-07:00

The mobile phone or mobile, also called a wireless, cellular phone, cell phone, cell or hand phone (HP), is a long-range, portable electronic device used for mobile communication that uses a network of specialized foundation stations known as cell sites.

In addition to the standard voice function of a telephone, current mobile phones may support many other services, and accessories, such as SMS for text messaging, email, packet switching for access to the Internet, and MMS for sending and receiving photos and video. Most current mobile phones attached to a cellular network of base stations (cell sites), which is in turn interconnected to the public switched telephone network (PSTN) (the exception is satellite phones).

Software tools

2008-03-10T19:11:00.000-07:00

Software tools for distributed processing contain standard APIs such as MPI and PVM and open source-based software solutions such as Beowulf and openMosix which facilitate the creation of a sort of "virtual supercomputer" from a collection of ordinary workstations or servers. Technology like Rendezvous pave the way for the making of ad hoc computer clusters. An example of this is the distributed rendering function in Apple's Shake compositing function. Computers running the Shake software simply need to be in proximity to each other, in networking terms, to automatically discover and use each other's resources. While no one has yet built an ad hoc computer cluster that rivals even yesteryear's supercomputers, the line between desktop, or even laptop, and supercomputer is beginning to blur, and is probable to continue to blur as built-in support for parallelism and distributed processing increases in mainstream desktop operating systems. An easy programming language for supercomputers remains an open explore topic in Computer Science.

2008-03-04T19:09:00.001-08:00

Chemistry in Natural Science

Constituting the scientific learning of matter at the atomic and molecular scale, chemistry deals primarily with collections of atoms, such as gases, molecules, crystals, and metals. The composition, statistical properties, transformations and reply of these materials are studied. Chemistry also absorbs understanding the properties and interactions of individual atoms for use in larger-scale applications. Most chemical procedure can be studied directly in a laboratory, using a series of (often well-tested) techniques for manipulating materials, as well as an understanding of the underlying processes. Chemistry is often known as "the central science" because of its role in connecting the other natural sciences.

Early experiments in chemistry had their roots in the system of Alchemy, a set of values combining mysticism with physical experiments. The science of chemistry began to expand with the work of Robert Boyle, the discoverer of gas, and Antoine Lavoisier, who developed the theory of the Conservation of mass. The discovery of the chemical elements and the concept of Atomic Theory began to systematize this science, and researchers developed a basic understanding of states of matter, ions, chemical bonds and chemical reactions. The success of this science led to a complementary chemical industry that now acting a significant role in the world economy.

2008-02-25T18:07:00.001-08:00

Banknote

A banknote (often known as a bill or simply a note) is a type of negotiable instrument, a promissory note made by a bank payable to the bearer on demand, used as money, and in many jurisdictions is legal tender. Along with coins, banknotes build up the cash or bearer forms of all modern money. With the exception of non-circulating high-value or precious metal commemorative issues, coins are commonly used for lower valued monetary units, while banknotes are used for higher values.

2008-02-19T17:56:00.000-08:00

Photographic Printing

Photographic printing is the method of producing a final image for viewing, usually on sensitized paper from a previously prepared photographic negative.

The procedure consists of three major steps, performed in a photographic darkroom or within an automated photo printing machine:

1. Exposure of the picture onto the sensitized paper using a contact printer or enlarger.

2. Processing of the latent image through a more than one step chemical immersion process.

1. Development of the uncovered image.

2. Optionally Stopping improvement by neutralizing, diluting or removing developing agent.

3. Fixing the final print by dissolving remaining unexposed/undeveloped light-sensitive liquid.

4. Washing thoroughly to eliminate chemicals used in processing, protecting the finished print from fading and decay.

3. If finished on glossy paper, ferrotyping to enhance the reflective gloss.

4. Optional Toning of the print through extra chemical processes.

5. Texturing and drying of the finishing print.

2008-02-11T17:34:00.001-08:00

Inkless Printers

Inkless printers use paper with colorless dye crystals embedded connecting the two outer layers of the paper. When the printer is twisted on, heat from the drum causes the crystals to colorize at different rates and become visible. The technology was worked on by Zink Imaging and is now accessible (2007). Because of the way it prints, the printer can be as little as a business card, the images are waterproof, and in fact, one product slated for release by Zink Imaging is a digital camera with a printer built into it. Xerox is also working on an inkless printer which will use a extraordinary reusable paper coated with a few micrometres of UV light sensitive chemicals. The printer will use a particular UV light bar which will be able to write and erase the paper. As of early 2007 this technology is at a halt in development and the text on the printed pages can only last between 16-24 hours before fading.

2008-02-06T18:16:00.000-08:00

Integrated circuit

Integrated circuit viewing memory blocks, logic and input/output pads around the periphery Microchips with a transparent window, showing the integrated circuit inside. Note the fine silver-colored wires that attach the integrated circuit to the pins of the package. A monolithic integrated circuit (also known as IC, microcircuit, microchip, silicon chip, or chip) is a miniaturized electronic circuit (consisting mostly of semiconductor devices, as well as passive components) that has been contrived in the surface of a thin substrate of semiconductor material.

A hybrid integrated circuit is a miniaturized electronic circuit build of individual semiconductor devices, as well as passive components, bonded to a substrate or circuit board.

2008-01-28T17:54:00.001-08:00

Minicomputer

Minicomputer is a mostly outmoded term for a class of multi-user computers which generate the middle range of the computing spectrum, in between the largest multi-user systems (traditionally, mainframe computers) and the smallest single-user systems (microcomputers or personal computers). Formerly this class created a distinct group with its own hardware and operating systems notably having smaller address space (notice the cited numbers of bits in a data word, ranging from 8 to 24 bits commonly around 16-bits). While the distinction between mainframe computers and smaller computers residue fairly clear, contemporary middle-range computers are not well differentiated from personal computers, being typically just a more powerful but still compatible version of a personal computer. More modern conditions for such machines consist of midrange systems (common in IBM parlance), workstations (common in Sun Microsystems and general UNIX/Linux parlance), and servers.

2008-01-20T18:03:00.000-08:00

Microcomputer

A microcomputer is mostly often taken to mean a computer with a microprocessor (µP) as its CPU. Another common characteristic of these computers is that they take up physically small amounts of space. Desktop computers, video game consoles, laptop computers, tablet PCs, and a lot of handheld strategy may all be considered examples of microcomputers. Most microcomputers serve only a particular user at a time, but some, in the form of PCs and workstations running e.g. a UNIX(-like) operating system, may cater to a number of users concurrently. The µP does the greater part of the job of calculating on and manipulating data that all computers do.

2008-01-07T18:44:00.000-08:00

Mainframes

Mainframes (often colloquially referred to as big iron) are enormous and expensive computers used mostly by government institutions and large companies for mission critical applications, usually bulk data processing such as censuses, industry/consumer statistics, ERP, and financial transaction processing.

The term originated during the early 1970s with the introduction of lesser, fewer complex computers such as the DEC PDP-8 and PDP-11 series, which became known as minicomputers or in a minute minis. The industry/users then coined the term "mainframe" to describe bigger, earlier types (previously known simply as "computers").

2008-01-01T02:18:00.000-08:00

The first bullets

Advances in one either resulted beginning or precipitated advances in the other. Originally, bullets were surrounding metallic or stone balls placed in front of an explosive charge of gun powder at the end of a closed tube. As firearms became more scientifically advanced, from 1500 to 1800, bullets changed very little. They remained uncomplicated round lead balls, called rounds, differing only in their diameter.

The development of the hand culverin and matchlock arquebus brought regarding the use of cast lead balls as projectiles. "Bullet" is consequential from the French word "boulette" which roughly means "little ball". The original musket bullet was a spherical lead ball two sizes slighter than the bore, wrapped in a loosely-fitted paper patch which served to hold the bullet in the barrel firmly upon the powder. (Bullets that were not firmly upon the concentrate upon firing risked causing the barrel to explode, with the condition known as a "short start".) The loading of muskets was, therefore, easy with the old smooth-bore Brown Bess and comparable military muskets. The original muzzle-loading rifle, on the other hand, with a more intimately fitting ball to take the rifling grooves, was loaded with difficulty, particularly when the bore of the barrel was dirty from previous firings ("fouled"). For this reason, early rifles were not generally used for military purposes. Early rifle bullets necessary cloth patches to grip the rifling grooves, and to hold the bullet securely against the powder.

The first half of the nineteenth century saw a different change in the shape and function of the bullet. In 1826, Delirque, a French infantry officer, imaginary a breech with abrupt shoulders on which a spherical bullet was rammed down until it caught the rifling grooves.

2007-12-25T18:21:00.000-08:00

Bullet

A bullet is a rock-hard projectile propelled by a firearm or air gun and is normally made from metal (usually lead). A bullet (in contrast to a shell) does not contain explosives, and damages the intended target solely by imparting kinetic energy upon impact. Modern bullets for firearms are generally part of a cartridge, also known as a round. In contrast, bullets for air guns are not part of a cartridge. The word "bullet" is sometimes used to refer to the grouping of bullet, case, gunpowder and primer more properly known as a cartridge or round.; the Oxford English Dictionary definition of a bullet is "a projectile of lead ... for firing from a rifle, revolver etc."

2007-12-17T18:33:00.000-08:00

JAR Files

A JAR file has a manifest file situated in the path META-INF/MANIFEST.MF. The entries in the manifest file conclude how the JAR file will be used. JAR files which are intended to be executed as separate programs will have one of their classes specified as the "main" class. The obvious file would have an entry such as

Main-Class: myPrograms.MyClass

Such JAR files are characteristically started with a command similar to

java -jar foo.jar

These files can also include a Classpath entry, which identifies other JAR files to be overloaded with the JAR. This entry consists of a list of absolute or relation paths to other JAR files. Although intended to simplify JAR use, in practice, it turns out to be infamously brittle as it depends on all the relevant JARs being in the exact locations specified when the entry-point JAR was built. To change versions or locations of libraries, a new manifest is required.

2007-12-12T18:13:00.000-08:00

JAR

In computing, a JAR file (or Java ARchive) file used to deal out a set of Java classes. It is used to store compiled Java classes and connected metadata that can constitute a program.

* WAR (file format) (Web Application aRchive) files are also Java archives which store XML files, java classes, Java Server Pages and extra objects for Web Applications.

* EAR (file format) (Enterprise ARchive) files are also Java archives which store XML files, java classes and additional objects for Enterprise Applications.

* RAR (file format) (Resource Adapter aRchive) files are also Java archives which store XML files, java classes and added objects for J2EE Connector Architecture (JCA) applications.

JAR files can be created and extracted by the "jar" command that comes with the JDK. It can be done using zip tools, but as WinZip has a custom of renaming all-uppercase directories and files in lower case, this can raise support calls with whoever shaped the JAR or the tool authors themselves. WinRAR, on the additional hand, retains the original case of filenames.

2007-12-04T19:26:00.000-08:00

Grape

A grape is the non-climacteric fruit that grows on the permanent and deciduous woody vines of the folks Vitaceae. Grapes develop up in clusters of 6 to 300, and can be black, blue, golden, green, purple, red, pink, brown, peach or white. They can be eaten raw or used for producting jam, grape juice, jelly, wine and grape germ oil. Development of grapevines occurs in vineyards, and is called viticulture. One who studies and practises increasing grapes for wine is called a viticulturist. The leaves of the grape vine itself are painstaking safe to eat and are used in the production of dolmades.

2007-11-26T17:41:00.000-08:00

Lighthouse of Alexandria

The Pharos of Alexandria was a large tower built in the 3rd century BC (between 285 and 247 BC) on the island of Pharos in Alexandria, Egypt to give out as that port's landmark, and later, its lighthouse.

With a height variously expected at between 115 and 150 meters (383 - 450 ft) it was among the tallest man-made structures on Earth for many centuries, and was recognized as one of the Seven Wonders of the World by Antipater of Sidon. It was the third big and tallest building after the two Great Pyramids (of Khufu and Khafra) for its whole life. Some scientists calculate approximately a much taller height exceeding 180 metres that would make the tower the tallest building up to the 14th century.

2007-11-19T17:46:00.001-08:00

Traffic Claming

Traffic calming is a set of strategies used by urban planners and traffic engineers which aims to slow down traffic and get better safety for pedestrians and bicyclists, although some of these features can also be hazardous to cyclists. It is now comparatively common in Europe, especially Northern Europe; less so in North America.Traffic calming has conventionally been justified on the grounds of pedestrian safety and reduction of noise and local air pollution which are side effects of the traffic. However, it has become more and more apparent that streets have many social and recreational functions which are severely impaired by fast car traffic. For much of the twentieth century, streets were designed by engineers who were charged only with ensuring traffic flow and not with development other functions of streets. The rationale for traffic reassuring is now broadening to include designing for these functions.

2007-11-12T17:41:00.001-08:00

Bareboat charter

A bareboat charter is an arrangement for the hiring of a boat, whereby no crew or provisions are contained as party of the agreement; instead, the people who rent the boat from the owner are responsible for taking care of such things.

There are legal differences between a bareboat charter and another types of charter arrangement, such as crewed or luxury yacht charter, commonly called time or voyage charters. In these charters the charterer can direct where the ship will go but the owner of the ship tells possession of the ship through its employment of the master and crew. In a bare-boat or demise charter, on the other hand, the owner gives possession of the ship to the charterer and the charterer retriew its own master and crew. The bare-boat charterer is sometimes known as a "disponent owner".

2007-11-05T18:28:00.000-08:00

Banana boat

A banana boat (or a boat made of bananas), often referred to simply as a banana, is an unpowered recreational boat designed to be pulled by a bigger boat. Riders sit astride a big tube which is supported by two smaller tubes which provide balance and footrests, permit them to experience some of the thrill of moving fast and close to the water much more easily and safely than by water-skiing or surfing and they are therefore a popular ride for children. Many large motor yachts or luxury yachts have a banana as one of their onboard "toys", but any powered boat can pull a banana, and they are sometimes available as a commercial ride at holiday resorts. Most models seat middle of three and ten people. Two models with two seating tubes side by side are available. Banana boats are often yellow and are sometimes actually builted into the shape of a banana.

2007-10-29T21:14:00.000-07:00

Types of boats

Airboat

Airboats are needlly flat-bottomed vessels propelled in a forward direction by an aircraft type propeller and powered by either an aircraft or automotive engine. The engine and propeller are covered in a protective metal cage that prevents objects, i.e., tree limbs, branches, clothing, beverage containers, wildlife from coming in contact with the whirling propeller, which could cause devastating falt to the vessel and traumatic injury to the operator and passengers.

The propeller gives a rearward column of air that propels the airboat forward. Steering is accomplished by forced air passing across vertical rudders. There must be a forceful airflow in order to the vessel to be steered. Airboats not have brakes and are incapable of traveling in reverse. Stopping and reversing direction are dependent upon operator/pilot/driver skill.

2007-10-22T19:32:00.000-07:00

Parts of a boat

The roughly horizontal, but cambered structures spanning the hull of the boats are reffer to as the "deck". In a ship there are often many, but a boat is unlikely to have more than one. The similar but generally lighter structure which spans a raised cabin is a coach-roof. The "floor" of a cabin is properly known as the sole but is more likely to be called the floor. (A floor is properly, a structural member which ties a frame to the keelson and keel.) The underside of a deck is called the deck head. The keel is a lengthwise structural member to which the frames are constant one (sometimes referred to as a backbone). The vertical surfaces splitting the internal space are known as bulkheads. The front of a boat is known as the bow or prow. The rear of the boat is known as the stern. The right side of the boat is called starboard and the left side of the boat is called port.

2007-10-15T22:35:00.000-07:00

ship
Usually a ship has enough size to carry its own boats, such as lifeboats, dinghies, or runabouts. A rule of thumb is "a boat can fit on a ship, but a ship can't fit on a boat". Consequently submarines are referred to as "boats", because early submarines were little enough to be carried aboard a ship in transit to distant waters. Other types of big vessels which are traditionally called boats are the Great Lakes freighter, the riverboat, and the ferryboat. Though big enough to carry their own boats and/or heavy cargoes, these examples are designed for operation on inland or protected coastal waters. Often local law and regulation will define the correct size (or the number of masts) which a boat requires to become a ship. Nautical meaning is related to sailors, particularly customs and practices at sea. Naval is the adjective pertaining to ships, step by step in common usage it has come to be more particularly associated with the noun "navy".

2007-10-08T21:09:00.000-07:00

Boat
A boat is a watercraft designed to plane on, and provide transport over, water. However, boats such as the whaleboat were designed to be operated from a ship in an offshore environment. In Naval terms, a boat is small enough to be carried aboard another vessel (a ship). Boats that are notable exceptions to this concept due to their large size are the riverboat, narrowboat and ferryboat. These examples do, however, generally operate on inland , protected coastal waters. Modern submarines may also be referred to as boats but this is possibly due to the fact that the first submarines could be carried by a ship and were certainly not capable of making offshore passages on their own. Boats are may have military, other government, research, or commercial usage.

2007-09-24T21:37:00.001-07:00

Water abstraction

Water abstraction, or water extraction, is the procedure of taking water from any source, either temporarily or permanently. Most water is used for irrigation or treatment to produce drinking water. Depending on the environmental legislation in the relevant country, controls may be located on abstraction to limit the amount of water that can be removed. Over abstraction can lead to rivers drying up or the level of groundwater aquifers reducing inappropriately. The science of hydrogeology is used to assess safe abstraction levels.

2007-09-17T22:25:00.000-07:00

Pollination

Pollination is an important step in the reproduction of seed plants: the transfer of pollen grains (male gametes) to the plant carpel, the organization that contains the ovule (female gamete). The accessible part of the carpel is called a stigma in the flowers of angiosperms and a micro Pyle in gymnosperms. The study of pollination brings mutually many disciplines, such as botany, horticulture, entomology, and ecology. Pollination is significant in horticulture because most plant fruits will not develop if the ovules are not fertilized. The pollination process as communication between flower and vector was first addressed in the 18th century by Christian Konrad Sprengel.

2007-09-10T21:33:00.001-07:00

Rainbow

Rainbows are optical and meteorological phenomena that reason of a spectrum of light to appear in the sky when the Sun shines onto droplets of moisture in the Earth's atmosphere. They take the form of a multicolored arc, with red on the external part of the arch and violet on the inner section of the arch. More rarely, a secondary rainbow is seen, which is a second, fainter arc, outside the primary arc, with colours in the differing order, that is, with violet on the outside and red on the inside.

A rainbow spans a permanent spectrum of colours. Traditionally, however, the chain of colours is quantized. The majority cited and remembered sequence, in English, is Newton's sevenfold red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet. "Roy G. Biv" and "Richard of York Gave Battle In Vain" are admired mnemonics.

Though rainbows are bow-shaped in most cases, there are also phenomena of rainbow-colored flooring in the sky: in the shape of stripes, circles, or even flames.

2007-09-04T23:01:00.000-07:00

Yachting

Yachting is a physical action connecting boats. It may be racing sailing boats, cruising to far-away shores, or day-sailing along a coast.
Whilst sailing's invention is prehistoric, racing sailing boats is supposed to have started in the Netherlands some time in the 17th century, whence it soon made its way to England where custom-built racing "yachts" began to emerge. In 1851, a challenge to an American yacht racing club in New York led to the beginning of the America's Cup, a regatta won by the New York Yacht Club awaiting 1983, when they finally lost to Australia II. For now, yacht racing continued to develop, with the development of recognised classes of racing yachts, from small dinghies up to huge maxi yachts.
These days, yacht racing and ship racing are common participant sports around the developed world, mainly where favourable wind conditions and access to reasonably sized bodies of water are available. Most yachting is conducted in salt water, but smaller craft can be - and are - raced on lakes and even huge rivers.
Whilst there are many different types of racing vessels, they can normally be separated into the larger yachts, which are larger and contain facilities for extensive voyages, and smaller harbour racing craft such as dinghies and skiffs.

2007-08-27T22:24:00.000-07:00

Tomato

The tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is a plant in the Solanaceae or nightshade family, as are its close cousin’s tobacco, chili peppers, potato, and eggplant. The tomato is subject to Central, South, and southern North America from Mexico to Peru. It is a perennial, often grown outdoors in temperate climates as an annual, typically attainment to 1–3 m (3 to 10 ft) in height, with a weak, woody stem that often vines over other plants.

The leaves are 10–25 cm long, pinnate, with 5–9 leaflets, each leaflet up to 8 cm long, with a jagged margin; both the stem and leaves are thickly glandular-hairy. The flowers are 1–2 cm across, yellow, with five sharp lobes on the corolla; they are borne in a cyme of 3–12 together. The word tomato derives from an expression in the Nahuatl language, tomatl. The exact name, lycopersicum, means "wolf-peach" compare the related species S. lycocarpum, whose scientific name means "wolf-fruit", common name "wolf-apple".

2007-08-21T21:53:00.000-07:00

Security

A security is a fungible, negotiable interest on behalf of financial value. Securities are generally categorized into debt and equity securities. The company or other individual issuing the security is called the issuer.
Securities may be represented by a certificate or, more characteristically, by an electronic book entry interest. Certificates may be bearer, meaning they entitle the holder to rights under the security merely by holding the security, or registered, meaning they give the right the holder to rights only if he or she appears on a security register maintained by the issuer or an intermediary. They include shares of corporate stock or mutual funds, bonds issued by corporations or governmental agencies, stock options or other options, limited partnership units, and a variety of other formal investment instruments that are negotiable and fungible.

2007-08-13T21:12:00.000-07:00

Blazer

A blazer or boating jacket is a kind of jacket, generally double-breasted even though single-breasted blazers have become more general in recent times. A blazer looks like a suit jacket except for that it generally has patch pockets with no flaps, and metal shank buttons. A blazer's cloth is usually of a resilient nature as it is used in schools and was used for sport. They frequently form part of the uniform dress of bodies, such as airlines, schools, yacht or rowing clubs, and private security organizations. As sporting dress has become more modified to the activity, the blazer has become limited to clubs' social meetings. Generally, blazers are navy blue, but nearly every color and mixture of colors has been used, particularly by schools and sporting organizations.

2007-08-07T21:28:00.000-07:00

Public transport

Public transport, public transportation, public travel or mass transit comprises all transport systems in which the passengers do not tour in their own vehicles. While it is generally taken to include rail and bus services, wider definitions would comprise scheduled airline services, ship, taxicab services etc. – any system that transports members of the universal public. A further restriction that is sometimes practical is that it must take place in shared vehicles that would bar taxis that are not shared-ride taxis.

2007-07-30T22:52:00.001-07:00

Jewellery and society

Jewellery is factually any piece of fine material used to decorate oneself. Although in earlier times jewellery was created for more convenient uses, such as wealth storage and pinning clothes together, in recent times it has been used almost completely for beautification. The first pieces of jewellery were made from likely materials, such as bone and animal teeth, shell, wood and engraved stone. Jewellery was often made for people of high importance to show their status and, in many cases, they were covered with it.Jewellery is made out of almost every material recognized and has been made to garnish nearly every body part, from hairpins to toe rings and many more types of jewellery. While high-quality and artistic pieces are made with gemstones and valuable metals, less pricey costume jewellery is made from less-valuable materials and is mass-produced. Form and function Kenyan man exhausting tribal beads.

Over time, jewellery has been used for a number of reasons: Currency, wealth display and storage, purposeful Symbolism Protection and Artistic display Most cultures have at some point had a practice of observance large amounts of wealth stored in the form of jewellery. Numerous cultures move wedding dowries in the form of jewelry, or create jewelry as a means to store or display coins. On the other hand, jewellery has been used as a currency or trade good; a mostly poignant example being the use of slave beads.

2007-07-24T22:26:00.000-07:00

Parrot

Parrots or psittacoses pronounced is an order namely Psittaciformes of birds that includes about 350 species. They are frequently grouped into two families: the Cacatuidae (cockatoo), and the Psittacidae (parrots), but one may find many variations. Some sources split parrots into three families. Citation needed the term "true parrot" is not used by the majority of bird keepers, biologists and lay people and is a source of confusion.
All members of the order have a usually erect stance and a characteristic curved beak shape with the upper mandible having slight mobility in the joint with the skull. All parrots are zygodactyl, with two toes at the front of each foot and two at the flipside, and all parrot eggs are white in color.

2007-07-16T22:57:00.001-07:00

Dairy product

Dairy products are generally defines as foodstuffs produced from milk.They are generally high-energy-yielding food products. A production plant for such processing is called a dairy or a dairy factory. Raw milk for processing generally comes from cows, but occasionally from other mammals such as goats, sheep, water buffalo, yaks, or horses. Dairy products are normally found in European, Middle Eastern and Indian cuisine, whereas they are almost unknown in East Asian cuisine.

2007-07-11T22:37:00.001-07:00

Software tools

Software tools for distributed processing include standard APIs such as MPI and PVM, and open source-based software solutions such as Beowulf and openMosix which make easy the creation of a supercomputer from a collection of ordinary workstations or servers. Technology like ZeroConf (Rendezvous/Bonjour) can be used to make ad hoc computer clusters to for specialized software such as Apple's shake compositing application. An easy programming language for supercomputers leftovers an open research topic in computer science.

2007-06-28T00:26:00.000-07:00

U-boat

U-boat is the German word U-Boot; it’s from an abbreviation of Unterseeboot. The main targets of the U-boat campaigns for both world wars were the merchant convoys bringing merchandise from Canada, United States to Europe. Austrian submarines of World War I also known as "U-boats".

The distinction among U-boat and submarine is common language usage, but, unknown in German, and the term U-Boot refers to any submarine.

2007-06-12T22:08:00.000-07:00

Raft

A raft is some flat floating structure for travel over water. It is the most basic of boat design, characterized by the lack of a hull. Instead, rafts are kept afloat using any mixture of buoyant materials such as wood, sealed barrels, or overstated air chambers. Traditional or antique rafts are constructing of wood or reeds. Present rafts may also use pontoons, drums, or extruded polystyrene blocks. Hot-air balloon rafts use durable, multi-layered rubberized fabrics, Depending on it’s utilize and size; it may contain a superstructure, masts, or rudders.
Timber rafting is used by the logging industry for the carrying of logs, by tying them together into rafts, and traveling or pulling them down a river. This method was very common up until the center of the 20th century but is now hardly used.
The type of raft used for spare time rafting is almost completely an inflatable boat, manufactured of flexible materials for use on whitewater.

2007-06-06T19:41:00.000-07:00

Pinnace

A pinnace is a light boat, propelled by sails or oars, previously used as a "tender" for guiding merchant and war vessels. In modern parlance, pinnace has come to mean a boat linked with some kind of larger vessel, that doesn't fit under the launch or lifeboat definitions. In all-purpose, the pinnace had sails, and would be used to ferry messages between ships of the line, visit harbors ahead of the fleet with messages of state, pick up mail, etc.

2007-05-28T00:16:00.001-07:00

Ketch

A ketch is a marine craft with two masts: a main mast, and a shorter mizzen mast abaft (rearward of) the main mast. Both masts are rigged mostly fore-and-aft. From one to three jibs may be approved forward of the main mast when going to windward. If a ketch is not rigged for jibs is known as cat ketch, sometimes called per auger. On older, larger ketches the major mast may in addition carry one or more square rigged topsails, alike to a sloop. A ketch may also carry further sails, see below.

The lowest fore-and-aft sail on the major mast is called the mainsail, while that on the mizzen is called the mizzen sail. These may be any kind of fore-and-aft sail, in any grouping. The Scots Zulu, for example, had a dipping lug main with a position lug mizzen.
The ketch is popular among long distance cruisers as the additional sail allows for a better balance, and a smaller more simply handled mainsail for the same overall sail area. It also allows sailing on mizzen and jib only without introducing extreme lee helm, and in an emergency can be quite well steered without use of the rudder.

2007-05-20T23:12:00.000-07:00

Kerala houseboats

The houseboats in Kerala, south India, are huge, slow-moving, foreign barges used for leisure trips. They are a reworked model of Kettuvallams (in the Malayalam language, Kettu means "tied with ropes", and vallam means "boat"), which, in earlier times, were used to carry rice and spices from Kuttanad to the Kochi port. Kerala houseboats were measured a suitable means of transportation.
The fame of Kettuvalloms has returned in the function as major tourist attractions. Many come across the Kettuvallom an ideal means of explore the beauty of the Kerala backwaters.
Such a houseboat is about 60 to 70 feet (about 18 to 21 meters) long and concerning 15 feet (about 5 meters) wide at the middle. The hull is made of wooden planks that are detained together by ropes of coconut fiber; the usual wood is 'Anjili'. The roof is completed with bamboo poles and palm leaves. The exterior of the boat is tinted with protective coats of cashew nut oil.

2007-05-13T20:00:00.001-07:00

Fishing boat

A fishing boat can range from two-person enjoyment fishing boats up to 7-8 ton commercial fishers that can drag in over a billion fish at one time. Island nations like Japan rely on the fishing industry to give food. Fishing is also well-liked in places like the U.S, where it is often done for sport rather than for food. Fishing is extremely fixed in the American culture.
A lot of marinas and harbors cater to fishing boats and sport boats. It is an extensive array of business that make its living helpful for and service this boating and fishing community. Both leisure fishermen and commercial enterprises share the majority harbors.

2007-04-02T04:34:00.001-07:00

Human-powered transport

Human-powered transport is transport of person(s) and or goods motorized by human muscle.
Like animal-powered transport, human-powered transport has been in continuation since time immemorial in the form of walking, running and swimming. However modern technology has led to machines to improve human-power. Although motorization has compact the effort in transport, many human-powered machines stay popular for leisure or exercise and for short distance travel. Human-powered transport is frequently the only (reliable) power source available in underdeveloped or inaccessible regions, and may be measured an ideal form of sustainable transportation.

2007-03-28T01:53:00.000-07:00

A simple Girl
Around and around it soared in brutal circles, tearing from side to side her animated temples. At a standstill, they did not do anything. Still, they simply laid there with faces of chalk, invalid of all human emotions. She could not look at them in hopes of relieve, for long. The cherry rivers that flowed across her eyes, streamed down her steaming cheeks, made vision impossible.
Life was simply the stack of decayed flesh that enclosed her. From his immortal lips hung the bodies of all those who died struggle for him and all those who had tampered with self luxury. For that, she dammed him for all eternity; in every form he understood she dammed him. He had been her guiding angle and now it became evident to her. No prayer would pass her conditions lips, for this had been his movement she had fought and they had lost other than just a clash.

2007-03-20T22:13:00.001-07:00

Carriage

The standard definition of a carriage is a four-wheeled horse drawn personal passenger vehicle with leaf springs or leather robust for postponement, whether light, smart and fast or large and relaxed. Compare the public conveyance stagecoach, charabanc, and omnibus.
A medium that is not sprung is a wagon. An American buckboard or Conestoga wagon or "prairie schooner" was never taken for a carriage, but a waggonette was an enjoyment vehicle, with lengthways seats.
The word car meaning "wheeled vehicle", came from Norman French at the start of the 14th century; it was absolute to cover automobile in 1896.
In the British Isles and many Commonwealth countries, a railway carriage (also called a coach) is a railroad car planned and prepared for transporting passengers.
In the United States, a baby carriage is a wheeled transportation for recline infants (in English outside North America: perambulator or pram), often with a hood that can be adjusted to protect the baby from the sun.

2007-01-21T22:54:00.000-08:00

Permanent makeup

Permanent makeup is a cosmetic technique which employs tattoos as a means of producing designs that resemble makeup, such as eye lining and other permanent enhancing colors to the skin of the face, lips and eyelids. It is also used to produce artificial eyebrows, particularly in people who have lost it as a consequence of old age, disease, such as alopecia, chemotherapy or a genetic disturbance, and to disguise scars and white spots in the skin such as in vitiligo. It is also used to restore or enhance the breast's areola, such as after breast surgery.

Other names used are derma pigmentation, micro pigmentation, permanent cosmetics and cosmetic tattooing. These procedures are regulated in many countries and states, many of them requiring a registered professional, such as an esthetician, dermatologist or plastic surgeon to perform it. In the United States and other countries, the inks used in permanent makeup and the pigments in these inks are subject to FDA regulation as cosmetics and color additives.

2007-01-08T22:48:00.000-08:00

Fingerprint

A fingerprint is an impression of the friction ridges of all or any part of the finger. A friction ridge is a raised portion of the epidermis on the palmar or plantar skin, consisting of one or more connected ridge units of friction ridge skin. These ridges are sometimes known as "dermal ridges" or "dermal papillae".

Fingerprints may be deposited in natural secretions from the eccrine glands present in friction ridge skin or they may be made by ink or other contaminants transferred from the peaks of friction skin ridges to a relatively smooth surface such as a fingerprint card. The term fingerprint normally refers to impressions transferred from the pad on the last joint of fingers and thumbs, though fingerprint cards also typically record portions of lower joint areas of the fingers .Fingerprint identification sometimes referred to as dactyloscopy is the process of comparing questioned and known friction skin ridge impressions from fingers, palms, and toes to determine if the impressions are from the same finger.

2007-01-01T22:32:00.000-08:00

Greenpeace

Greenpeace is an international environmental organization founded in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada in 1971. Greenpeace is known for its use of campaigns to stop atmospheric and underground nuclear testing as well as bring an end to high seas whaling. In later years, the focus of the organization turned to other environmental issues, including bottom trawling, global warming, ancient forest destruction, and genetic engineering. Greenpeace has national and regional offices in 41 countries worldwide, all of which have affiliation with the Amsterdam-based Greenpeace International. The global organization receives its income through the individual contributions of an estimated 2.8 million financial supporters, as well as from grants from charitable foundations, but does not accept funding from governments or corporations.

Green peace’s transformation from a loose international network united by style more than by focus to a global organization able to apply the full force of its resources to a small number of environmental issues deemed of global significance, owed much to McTaggart's personal vision.

2006-12-26T23:21:00.000-08:00

Economics

Economics is a social science seeking to analyze and describe the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. Economics studies how individuals and societies seek to satisfy needs and wants. Alfred Marshall in the late 19th century informally described economics as "the study of man in the ordinary business of life"; the vast number of topics to which the methods of economic theory have been applied suggests to some that economics is simply "that which economists do."

Economics has two broad branches: microeconomics, where the unit of analysis is the individual agent, such as a household or firm, and macroeconomics, where the focus is on aggregates, the sum of the supply and demand in an economy, or the total net result of buying and selling. Another division of the subject distinguishes positive economics, which seeks to predict and explain economic phenomena, from normative economics, which orders choices and actions by some criterion; such orderings necessarily involve subjective value judgments.

2006-12-18T00:58:00.000-08:00

Tornado

A tornado is a violently rotating column of air which is in contact with both a cumulonimbus cloud base and the surface of the earth. Tornadoes can come in many shapes, but are typically in the form of a visible condensation funnel, with the narrow end touching the earth. Often, a cloud of debris encircles the lower portion of the funnel.

Tornadoes can be the most destructive storms on earth. Most have winds of 110 mph or less, are approximately 250 feet across, and travel a mile or more before dissipating. However, some tornadoes can have winds of more than 300 mph be more than a mile across, and stay on the ground for dozens of miles.

They have been observed on every continent except Antarctica; however, a significant percentage of the world's tornadoes occur in the United States. This is mostly due to the unique geography of the country, which allows the conditions which breed strong, long-lived storms to occur many times a year. Other areas which often experience tornadoes are south-central Canada, northwestern Europe, east-central South America, South Africa, and south-central Asia.

2006-12-12T03:46:00.000-08:00

Greek temple

The Greeks began to build massive temples in the first half of the 8th century BC. The temples of Hera at Samos and of Poseidon at Isthmia were among the first erected. Greek temples differed from their Roman counterparts in that the colonnade shaped a peristyle around the whole structure, rather than merely a porch at the front; and also in that the Greek temple was not raised above ground level on a high podium.

As the Greeks became more adept at massive building, regional styles of architecture solidified into what are now the classical orders of architecture: Doric, Ionic and Corinthian. The Parthenon, one of the most famous Greek temples, was devoted to Athena, goddess of wisdom. Festivals were held in and around it every year. The Parthenon powerfully influenced Roman architecture. After the Romans conquered Greece, many tourists from the victorious country came to view the temples of Greece. Among them was the Parthenon, which rapidly became one of the most popular tourist sites in Greece. Unlike modern places of worship, Greek temples were not intended for group worship, but more as a dedication to a god or goddess, explaining why the sculpture on temples was always right at the top and hard to see - it was built for the pleasure of its deity and not for people.

2006-12-04T22:07:00.000-08:00

Religion

The Religio Romana constituted the main religion of the city in ancient times. However, a number of other religions and imported secrecy cults remained represented within its ever-expanding limitations, counting Judaism, whose presence in the city dates sponsor from the Roman Republic and was sometimes compulsorily confined to the Roman Ghetto, as well as Christianity. In spite of initial persecutions, by the early 4th century, Christianity had turn into so widespread that it was legalized in 313 by Emperor Constantine I, and later made executive religion of the Roman Empire in 380 by Emperor Theodosius I, allowing it to increase further and ultimately wholly replace the declining Religio Romana.

Rome became the most excellent Christian city based on the custom that Saint Peter and Saint Paul were martyred in the city throughout the 1st century, coupled with the city's political significance. The Bishop of Rome, later identified as the Pope, claimed dominance over all Bishops and consequently all Christians on the foundation that he is the successor of Saint Peter, upon whom Jesus built his Church; his status has been enhanced since 313 during contributions by Roman emperors and patricians, including the Lateran Palace and patriarchal basilicas, as well as the visibly growing influence of the Church over the failing civil regal authority. Papal authority has been exercised over the centuries with unreliable degrees of success, at period triggering divisions amongst Christians, until the present.

2006-11-27T04:59:00.000-08:00

Leather types

In general, leather is sold in three forms:

Full-Grain leather, made from the finest raw material, is clean natural hides which have not been sanded to remove imperfections. Only the hair has been removed. The grain remains in its normal state which will allow the best fiber power, resulting in greater strength. The natural grain also has natural breath ability, ensuing in greater comfort. The normal Full-Grain surface will wear recovered than other fur. Rather than wearing out, it will develop a natural "Patina" and grow more beautiful over time. The finest furniture, and footwear, are prepared from Full Grain leather.
Corrected-Grain leather, also known as Top-Grain leather, is wooly on one side and smooth on the other. The smooth side is the side where the hair and normal grain used to be. The hides, which are made from mediocre quality raw materials, have all of the natural grain sanded off, and a simulated grain applied. Top grain leather generally must be heavily painted to cover up the sanding and stamping process.

2006-11-08T07:43:00.000-08:00

Theories about Stonehenge
Early interpretations StonehengeMany early historians were influenced by supernatural folktales in their explanations. Some legends held that Merlin the wizard had a giant build the structure for him or that he had magically transported it from Mount Killaraus in Ireland, while others held the Devil responsible. Henry of Huntingdon was the first to write of the monument around 1130 soon followed by Geoffrey of Monmouth who was the first to record fanciful associations with King Arthur which led the monument to be incorporated into the wider cycle of European medieval romance.In 1615, Inigo Jones argued that Stonehenge was a Roman temple, dedicated to Caelus, and built following the Tuscan order. Later commentators maintained that the Danes erected it. Indeed, up until the late nineteenth century, the site was commonly attributed to the Saxons or other relatively recent societies.The first academic effort to survey and understand the monument was made around 1640 by John Aubrey. He declared Stonehenge the work of Druids. This view was greatly popularised by William Stukeley. Aubrey also contributed the first measured drawings of the site, which permitted greater analysis of its form and significance. From this work, he was able to demonstrate an astronomical or calendrical role in the stones' placement.By the turn of the nineteenth century, John Lubbock was able to attribute the site to the Bronze Age based on the bronze objects found in the nearby barrows.The early attempts to figure out the people who had undertaken this colossal project have since been debunked. While there have been precious few in the way of real theories to explain who built the site, or why, there can be an assessment of what we know to be fact and what has been proven false.First there is the matter of radio carbon dating the construction of the site itself. As has been already stated in the construction outlines above, the monument building of the site began around the year 3100 BC and ended around the year 1600. This allows the elimination of a few of the theories that have been presented. The original theory that the Druids were the ones who built the site can be discounted first since it is the more popular one. The Celtic society that spawned the Druid priesthood came into being only after the year 300 BC. In addition to this, the theory that the Druids using the site for sacrifices is thin, considering that the Druids were pagans and performed the majority of their rituals in the woods or mountains, areas better suited for “earth rituals” than an open field. As to the other theory relating to the Romans, this is more ludicrous yet. The Romans never even came to the British Isles until they conquered the land in 43AD. The theories of Inigo Jones and others that Stonehenge was built as a Roman temple have been long dismissed. They were early theories, and when the actual dates of construction came out, any talk of merely early Saxon or Roman workers building the site are no longer considered. Other popular notions mentioned, aliens coming to Earth to build primitive man a map to the stars were dismissed out of hand, since besides being utterly impractical. There is absolutely no physical evidence to back it up, save unsupported supposition about the frequency of these sites in the area. The problem with this is that who we do not know who originally started building it or the purpose behind it. It is difficult to imagine it being built for uses only one or two days in the year. And since it appears that it was built in three or four distinct stages, it is virtually impossible to tell what the purpose might have been since it was obviously worked on by a number of different cultures.Other theories that have been taken out of consideration were the idea that Egyptian or Mycenaean or even Greek cultures, which coincided with the popular belief that these cultures infused Europe with Bronze Age culture. After the testing showed that the megalithic structures in both England and France predate these cultures, they were removed. Also mentioned on this site are the findings of John Lubbock at the turn of the 19th century that point to this site being a Bronze Age creation, based on axe heads and daggers and other artifacts that have been found. However, a number of carvings that were also thought to point to Bronze Age origin have since been refuted as being put in later, raising the serious question of whether or not the artifacts were used in the site or buried there at a later date in some sort of funerary rites.The question that dominates the debate as to what Stonehenge was used for can be easily divided into those that believe it to be a religious or a scientific observatory. The scientific idea carries more weight. As outlined in the theories section below, Gerald Hawkins noted 165 key sites that he stated correlated very strongly with the rising and setting points of the sun and moon. He believed that because of this, the site could be used to anticipate interstellar phenomena. There have been odd occurrences, like the Hale-Bopp comet passing directly over this site at the turnoff the millennia to support this theory. This has sparked that the idea that the site was created in order to help commemorate the solstices, as the alignment with the sun and moon would seem to indicate.Further supporting this line of evidence is the fact that the site’s alignment is focused along the lunar lines in a way that increases the accuracy of procession, which is the amount that the Earth’s slight tilt on its axis, or “wobble” Will eventually change the timing of lunar events. In short, this site could have been set up to more accurately predict events taking place in the heavens above. While there is still no conclusive evidence that this site was indeed intended for use as an observatory, the fact also thatMuch of the support for the religious use for this has come from a purely political standpoint. The modern Celts, who were for a long time believed to be the creators of the site, have moved quickly to claim the site as their own. They now hold festivals and ceremonies at different times during the year. The problem with this has been outlined above, with the carbon dating refuting their hand in the site’s creation. There are a number of assumptions that have supported this theory, however. It is known that on the longest day of the year, the summer solstice, the sun shines directly through the center of the structure, which given many of the cultural attitudes of sun worship that were rampant at the time, seems to indicate a religious purpose. In addition, much of what survives from the distant past, buildings, etc., have all been religious in nature.Again, much of the early interpretations as to the nature of this site and the reason for its construction can be theorized and speculated upon, but there is no bulk of hard evidence to point us in one direction or the other. There are portions of the site that have not been excavated, such as the West portion, so there remain possible hard facts out there. All we can say for certain at this point is when it was built and the mathematical facts stated above that go along with it.