Anaemia

Anaemia is a deficiency in the number or quality of red blood cells. The red blood cells carry oxygen around the body, using a particular protein called haemoglobin. Anaemia means that either the level of red blood cells or the level of haemoglobin is lower than normal.

When a person is anaemic, their heart has to work harder to pump the quantity of blood needed to get adequate oxygen around their body. During heavy exercise, the cells may not be able to carry enough oxygen to meet the body’s needs and the person can become exhausted.

Anaemia isn’t a disease in itself, but a result of a malfunction somewhere in the body. This blood condition is common, particularly in females. Some estimates suggest that around one in five menstruating women and half of all pregnant women are anaemic.

Symptoms
Depending on the severity, the symptoms of anaemia may include:

• Pale skin
• Fatigue
• Weakness
• Tiring easily
• Breathlessness
• Drop in blood pressure when standing from a sitting or lying position (orthostatic hypotension) – this may happen after acute blood loss, like a heavy period
• Frequent headaches
• Racing heart or palpitations
• Becoming irritated easily
• Concentration difficulties
• Cracked or reddened tongue
• Loss of appetite
• Strange food cravings.

Groups at high risk
Certain people are at increased risk of anaemia, including:

• Menstruating women
• Pregnant and breastfeeding women
• Babies, especially if premature
• Children going through puberty
• Vegetarians
• People with cancer, stomach ulcers and some chronic diseases
• People on fad diets
• Athletes.

Treatment
Treatment depends on the cause and severity, but may include:

• Vitamin and mineral supplements – in the case of deficiency.
• Iron injections – if the person is very low on iron.
• Vitamin B12 (by injection) – required for pernicious anaemia.
• Antibiotics – if infection is the cause.
• Altering the dose or regimen of regular medications – such as anti-inflammatory drugs, if necessary.
• Blood transfusions – if required.
• Oxygen therapy – if required.
• Surgery to prevent abnormal bleeding – such as heavy menstruation.
• Surgery to remove the spleen (splenectomy) – in cases of severe haemolytic anaemia.